DUNE Glossary

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z #

Term not found? See instructions on how to contribute.

A

AC: Alternating Current; when used in the phrase "AC coupling" refers to a circuit element that filters out low-frequency components, such as constant offsets, leaving higher frequency signal components. The frequency filtering is determined both by a resistor and a capacitor.
ACT: activation time stamp.
ADC: analog-to-digital converter
A sampling of a voltage resulting in a discrete integer count corresponding in some way to the input.
AGKY: Andreopoulos-Gallagher-Kehayias-Yang
A model for hadronization of non-resonant inelastic neutrino reactions used in GENIE. At low invariant hadronic masses, typically less than 2.3 GeV/c², it is a KNO-inspired empirical model anchored on several bubble chamber measurements of neutrino-induced shower characteristics. For invariant hadronic masses between 2.3 and 3.0 GeV/c², the model transitions linearly to a GENIE-tuned version of PYTHIA, which is also used for the simulation of events at higher invariant masses.
AHJ: Authority Having Jurisdiction
An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure (OSHA).
AISI: American Iron and Steel Institute.
ALARA: as low as reasonably achievable
Typically used with regard management of radiation exposure but may be used more generally. It means making every reasonable effort to maintain e.g., exposures, to as far below the limits as practical, consistent with the purpose for that the activity is undertaken.
ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment, at CERN.
AMC: advanced mezzanine card
Holds digitizing electronics and lives in μTCA crates.
AMS: analog and mixed signal
Verilog-AMS is a derivative of the Verilog hardware description language that includes analog and mixed-signal extensions (AMS) in order to define the behavior of analog and mixed-signal systems.
ANL: Argonne National Laboratory
US national laboratory in Lemont, IL.
anode plane: a planar array of charge readout devices covering an entire face of a detector module.
APA: anode plane assembly
A unit of the FD1-HD detector module containing the elements sensitive to ionization in the LAr. Each anode face has three planes of wires (two induction, one collection) to provide a 3D view, and interfaces to the cold electronics and photon detection system.
APB: authorship and publications board.
API: Application Programming Interface.
ARAPUCA: A PDS design that consists of a light trap that captures wavelength-shifted photons inside boxes with highly reflective internal surfaces until they are eventually detected by SiPM detectors or are lost.
ArCLight: a light detector for the ArgonCube effort.
ArgonCube: The name of the core part of the DUNE ND, a LArTPC.
ArgoNeuT: The ArgoNeuT test-beam experiment and LArTPC prototype at Fermilab.
art: A software framework implementing an event-based execution paradigm.
artdaq: A data acquisition toolkit for data transfer, aggregation and processing.
artg4tk: artg4tk provides a general interface between Geant4 and art.
Ash River: The Ash River, Minnesota, USA NOvA experiment far site, used as an assembly test site for DUNE.
ASIC: application-specific integrated circuit.
ATCA: Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture
An advanced computer architecture specification developed for the telecommunications, military, and aerospace industries that incorporates the latest trends in high-speed interconnect technologies, next-generation processors, and improved reliability, availability and serviceability.
ATLAS: One of two general-purpose detectors at the LHC. It investigates a wide range of physics, from the measurements of the Higgs boson properties to searches for extra dimensions and particles that could make up DM.
AU: astronomical unit.
AUP: acceptance for use and possession
Required for beneficial occupancy of the underground areas at SURF for LBNF and DUNE.
AWG: American wire gauge
U.S. standard set of non-ferrous wire conductor sizes.

B

baryon number: A quantity expressing the total number of baryons in a system minus the number of antibaryons.
BCR: baseline change request
A DOE project change, part of the change management system process.
BDE: bottom detector electronics.
BDM: boosted dark matter
A new model that describes a relativistic dark matter particle boosted by the annihilation of heavier dark matter particles in the galactic center or the sun.
BDT: boosted decision tree
A method of multivariate analysis.
beamline: A sequence of control and monitoring devices used for the formation of a directed collection of particles; also subproject within LBNF/DUNE-US.
Belle II: B-factory experiment now running at KEK.
BGR: A bandgap voltage reference is a circuit block in ASIC for providing stable reference voltages.
BMS: building management system
A system provided by the CF to manage the utility (cooling, ventilation, power, etc.) and fire/life safety systems. Separate systems are provided at SURF and at Fermilab.
BNL: Brookhaven National Laboratory
US national laboratory in Upton, NY.
BNV: baryon-number violating
Describing an interaction where baryon number is not conserved.
bottom FC: bottom field cage
The horizontal portions of the FD1-HD field cage on the bottom of the TPC.
BOW: Bump On Wire
A working name for the front-end readout computing elements used in the nominal DAQ design to interface the DP crates to the DAQ front-end computers.
BR: branching ratio
A fractional probability for a decay of a composite particle to occur into some specified set or sets of products.
BSI: building and site infrastructure
The work package for outfitting of the LBNF underground infrastructure.
BSM: beyond the Standard Model.
BSWS: bearing sensor wire compression seal.
Bugey: Neutrino experiment that operated at the Bugey nuclear power plant in France.

C

Cabibbo angle: A quark mixing parameter that governs the coupling of up quarks to strange quarks.
CAD: computer aided design.
CAFAna: Common Analysis File Analysis.
CALCI: Calibration and Cryogenic Instrumentation.
CAM: control account manager.
CAPTAIN: Experimental program sited at LANL that is designed to make measurements of scientific importance to LBL neutrino physics and physics topics that will be explored by large underground detectors.
CASTOR: CERN Advanced STORage manager
a hierarchical storage system with tape and disk developed at CERN. It is being replaced by CTA.
CATIROC: charge and time integrated readout chip
A complete read-out chip manufactured in AustriaMicroSystem designed to read arrays of 16 photomultipliers.
CC: charged current
Refers to an interaction between elementary particles where a charged weak force carrier (W⁺ or W⁻) is exchanged.
CCB: Computing Contributions Board
a board made up of institutional representatives for larger countries and laboratories. It meets annually to negotiate collaboration contributions to computing infrastructure.
CCC: configuration change command.
CCC: code of conduct committee.
CCQE: charged current quasielastic interaction
An interaction where a neutrino scatters from a nucleon, producing a charged lepton and converting a neutron to a proton or vice versa.
conditions DB: The Conditions Database stores the conditions metadata needed for data processing and analysis.
CDR: Depending on context, either "conceptual design report," a formal project document that describes the experiment at a conceptual level, or "conceptual design review," a formal review of the conceptual design of the experiment or of a component.
CE: cold electronics
Analog and digital readout electronics that operate at cryogenic temperatures.
CERN: European Laboratory for Particle Physics
The leading particle physics laboratory in Europe and home to the ProtoDUNEs and other prototypes and demonstrators, including the Module 0s.
CF: conventional facilities
Pertaining to construction and operation of buildings and conventional infrastructure, and includes cavern excavation.
CFD: computational fluid dynamics
High performance computer-assisted modeling of fluid dynamical systems.
CI: depending on context, either continuous integration or cryogenic instrumentation.
CISC: cryogenic instrumentation and slow controls
Includes equipment to monitor all detector components and LAr quality and behavior, and provides a control system for many of the detector components.
CITF: cryogenic instrumentation test facility
A facility at Fermilab with small (<1 ton) to intermediate (∼1 ton) volumes of instrumented, purified TPC-grade LAr, used for testing devices intended for use in DUNE.
CKM matrix: Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix
Refers to the matrix describing the mixing between mass and weak eigenstates of quarks.
CL: confidence level
Refers to a probability used to determine the value of a random variable given its distribution.
CLAS: CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer
A nuclear and particle physics detector located in the experimental Hall B at Jefferson Laboratory in Newport News, Virginia, United States. It is used to study the properties of the nuclear matter by the collaboration of over 200 physicists. Of particular relevance is its study of electron interactions with nuclei, including argon.
Cmake: CMake is an open-source, cross-platform family of tools designed to build, test and package software.
CMGC: construction manager/general contractor
The contracted company hired to manage overall construction, used by LBNF at the SURF site for the FSCF construction.
CMOS: Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor.
CMS: Compact Muon Solenoid experiment; one of two general-purpose detectors at the LHC..
CNN: convolutional neural network
A deep learning technique most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery.
CNO: carbon nitrogen oxygen
The CNO cycle (for carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton-proton chain reaction (pp-chain reaction). In the CNO cycle, four protons fuse, using carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes as catalysts, to produce one alpha particle, two positrons and two electron neutrinos.
CO: compliance office
a team of engineers from multiple partners that provides clear direction for designing and constructing components that will be used during integration.
COB: cluster on board
An ATCA motherboard housing four RCEs.
COFFEA: Columnar Object Framework For Effective Analysis
Columnar data analysis framework developed at Fermilab.
ColdADC: A newly developed 16-channels ASIC providing analog to digital conversion.
COLDATA: A 64-channel control and communications ASIC.
common fund: The shared resources of the collaboration.
COMPASS: Common Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy
a multipurpose experiment at CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).
COMSOL: General-purpose simulation software based on advanced numerical methods (comsol.com).
conditions metadata: defined as the information necessary to understand the context of physics data, e.g., beam data or calibrations.
CORE: CORE contributions are in either monetary units or labor hours. They can be technical components for the facility or experiment and the effort of the staff needed to produce, install, and test them; major facilities for the experiment; or other products and services relevant for the completion of the facility or experiment.
CORSIKA: COsmic Ray SImulations for KAscade
a program for detailed simulation of extensive air showers initiated by high-energy cosmic ray particles.
COTS: commercial off-the-shelf
Items, typically hardware such ascomputers, that may be purchased whole, without any custom design or fabrication andthus at normal consumer prices and availability.
CP: charge conjugation and parity
Product of charge conjugation and parity transformations.
CPA: cathode plane assembly
The component of the FD1-HD detector module that provides the drift HV cathode.
CPA/FC: A pair of CPA panels and the top and bottom field cage portions that attach to the pair; an intermediate assembly for installation into the SP module.
CPT: charge, parity, and time reversal symmetry
product of charge, parity and time-reversal transformations.
CPU: Central Processing Unit
A computing processor, when used as a unit of processing; generally refers to a single core.
CPV: Charge Conjugation-Parity Symmetry Violation
Lack of symmetry in a system before and after charge conjugation and parity transformations are applied. For CP symmetry to hold, a particle turns into its corresponding antiparticle under a charge transformation, and a paritytransformation inverts its space coordinates, i.e. produces the mirror image.
CR: Capacitance-Resistance.
CRB: collaboration resources board.
CRIC: Computing Resource Information System
a framework providing a centralized (and flexible) way to describe which resources are being used by the experiment and how.
cRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input Output.
CRO: charge readout
The system for detecting ionization charge distributions in a detector module.
CROC: central readout chamber
central (radial) readout chamber for the ND GArTPC.
CRP: charge-readout plane
An anode technology using a stack of perforated PCBs with etched electrode strips to provide CRO in 3D; it has two induction layers and one collection layer; it is used in the FD2-VD FD and DP designs.
CRT: cosmic-ray tagger
Detector external to the TPC designed to tag TPC-traversing cosmic ray particles.
CRU: charge-readout unit
In the FD2-VD design an assembly of the PCB panels plus adapter boards; two to a CRP.
CRY: A cosmic ray shower library and software tool.
CRYO: (1) Integrated ASIC including FE circuitry providing signal amplification and pulse shaping, analog to digital conversion, and control and communication functionalities for 64 channels; (2) acryonym for cryogenic systems and cryostat work scopes in LBNF.
CSC: computing and software consortium
DUNEcomputing and software consortium.
CTA: CERN Tape Archive
a hierarchical storage system with tape and disk developed at CERN. It is replacing CASTOR.
CTE: coefficient of thermal expansion.
CTS: Cryogenic Test System.
CTSF: coating, testing and storage facility
A facility where the the DP photon detectors will be coated, tested, and stored.
CuBe: beryllium copper, used to make FD1-HD APA readout planes.
CUC: central utility cavern
The utility cavern at the 4850L of SURF located between the two detector caverns. It contains utilities such as central cryogenics and other systems, and the underground data center and control room.
CVMFS: CERN VM File System
A distributed file system designed for scalable, high-performance distribution of software to interactive and batch computers.
CVN: convolutional visual network
An algorithm for identifying neutrino interactions based on their topology and without the need for detailed reconstruction algorithms.

D

DAC: digital-to-analog converter.
DAPHNE: Detector electronics for Acquiring PHotons from NEutrinos is a custom-developed warm front-end waveform digitizing electronics module derived from the readout system developed at Fermilab for the Mu2e experiment.
DAQ: data acquisition
The data acquisition system accepts data from the detector FE electronics, buffers the data, performs a trigger decision, builds events from the selected data and delivers the result to the offline secondary DAQ buffer.
DAQ BE: DAQ back-end subsystem
The portion of the DAQ that is generally toward its output end. It is responsible for accepting and executing trigger commands and marshaling the data they address to output storage buffers.
DAQ primary buffer: The portion of the DAQ front-end fragment that accepts full data stream from the corresponding detector unit and retains it sufficiently long for it to be available to produce a data fragment.
CCM: DAQ control, configuration and monitoring subsystem
A system for controlling, configuring and monitoring other systems in particular those that make up the DAQ where the CCM encompasses RC.
DFO: data flow orchestrator
The process by which trigger commands are executed in parallel and asynchronous manner by the back-end output subsystem of the DAQ.
discovery and presence: As used in the context of the IPC, a system that provides mechanisms for a node on a communication network to learn of the existence of peers and their identity (discovery) as well as determine if they are currently operational or have become unresponsive (presence).
DDR: DAQ data receiver
The portion of the DAQ front-end fragment that accepts data from the FER, emits trigger candidates produced from the input trigger primitives, and forwards the full data stream to the DAQ primary buffer.
data selector: The portion of the DAQ front-end fragment that accepts trigger commands and returns the corresponding data fragment. Not to be confused with data selection.
data selection: The process of forming a trigger decision for selecting a subset of detector data for output by the DAQ from the content of the detector data itself. Not to be confused with data selector.
DAQ DS: DAQ data selection subsystem
The subsystem of the DAQ responsible for forming a trigger decision based on a portion of the input data stream. The majority subset of the DAQ TS.
DTS: DUNE timing and synchronization subsystem
The portion of the DAQ that provides for timing and synchronization to various detector systems.
ETI: external trigger interface
Interface between MTLs and external source and sinks of relevant trigger information.
FER: DAQ front-end readout
The portion of a DAQ front-end fragment that accepts data from the detector electronics and provides it to the DAQ FEC.
DAQ front-end fragment: The portion of one DAQ partition relating to a single DAQ FEC and corresponding to an integral number of detector units. See also data fragment.
OOB dispatcher: out-of-band trigger command dispatcher
This component is responsible for dispatching a SNB dump command to all FERs in the far detector module.
DAQ partition: A cohesive and coherent collection of DAQ hardware and software working together to trigger and read out some portion of one detector module; it consists of an integral number of DAQ front-end fragments. Multiple DAQ partitions may operate simultaneously, but each instance operates independently.
DAQ RO: DAQ readout subsystem
The subsystem of the DAQ for accepting and buffering data input from detector electronics.
DAQ readout unit: The basic component of the DAQ RO.
DAQ run: A period of time over which relevant data taking conditions and DAQ configuration are asserted to be unchanged. Multiple DAQ runs may occur simultaneously when multiple DAQ partitions are active. This term should not be confused with DUNE experiment or beam "runs" that typically span many DAQ runs.
DAQ run number: A monotonically increasing count that uniquely and globally identifies a DAQ run.
DAQ TS: DAQ trigger subsystem
The subsystem of the DAQ responsible for forming a trigger decision.
DAQ TSS: DAQ timing and synchronization subsystem
The portion of the DAQ that provides for timing and synchronization to various components.
UBI: upstream DAQ buffer interface
The process which provides read-only access to data residing in the upstream DAQ buffers to processes on the network.
Darkside-50: a dual-phase argon TPC, developed for use in a search for direct evidence of dark matter.
Data Dispatcher: communicates between running processing jobs and the data delivery systems. It provides file location information and basic bookkeeping on file access and transfers.
data fragment: A block of data read out from a single DAQ front-end fragment thatspan a contiguous period of time as requested by a trigger command.
data lake: The not-yet-realized concept of a storage service with multiple levels of quality of service in which the end user can access data without knowing the data’s source location.
data tier: Differing data types produced in a processing sequence, for example, raw data, reconstructed, derived analysis sample, histograms.
Daya Bay: a neutrino-oscillation experiment in Daya Bay, China, designed to measure the mixing angle Θ₁₃ using antineutrinos produced by the reactors of the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants.
DB: database.
DC: direct coupling.
dCache: A distributed, highly scalable (multi-PB) storage system, usable as both a standalone system and as a high-speed frontend to a tape storage system (such as PNFS at Fermilab ).
DCDB: DUNE construction database
Database used by DUNE to track the history and testing of all parts of each far detector module.
DCS: Distributed Communications System.
DUNE Management Plan: DUNE Management Plan.
DDSS: DUNE detector safety system
The hardware system responsible for the safety of the detector, implemented either via a PLC or via custom hardware protections.
far detector module: The entire DUNE far detector design calls for segmentation into four modules, each with a total/fiducial mass of approximately 17/10.
detector unit: A portion of a far detector module may be further partitioned into a number of similar parts. For example, the FD1-HD TPC is made up of APA units (and other elements).
DIRAC: Computing workflow management designed for LHCb and now used by many HEP experiments.
DIS: deep inelastic scattering
Refers to interaction between elementary particles and a nucleus in an energy range where the interaction can be modeled as occurring between constituent quarks of one nucleon and resulting in no bulk recoil of the resulting nucleus.
secondary DAQ buffer: A secondary DAQ buffer holds a small subset of the full rate as selected by a trigger command. This buffer also marks the interface with the DUNE Offline.
DM: dark matter
The term given to the unknown matter or force that explains measurements of galaxy motion that are otherwise inconsistent with the amount of mass associated with the observed amount of photon production.
DMP: data management plan.
DNL: differential non-linearity
A commonly used measure of performance in ADCs. The DNL error is defined as the difference between an actual step width and the ideal value of one LSB.
DocDB: Document DataBase
A computerized document management system developed and supported at Fermilab in which most LBNF/DUNE documents are managed (docs.dunescience.org); some documents are maintained in EDMS.
DOE: U.S. Department of Energy.
CD: critical decision
The U.S. DOE’s Order 413.3B outlines a series of staged project approvals, each of which is referred to as a critical decision (CD).
DOMA: data organization, management, and access
data organization, management, and access efforts through the HSF.
DP: dual-phase
Distinguishes a LArTPC technology by the fact that it operates using argon in both gas and liquid phases; sometimes called double-phase.
DPDFD: Deputy Project Director for far detectors.
DP module: dual-phase DUNE FD module.
DQM: data quality monitoring
Analysis of the raw data to monitor the integrity of the data and the performance of the detectors and their electronics. This type of monitoring may be performed in real time, within the DAQ system, or in later stages of processing, using disk files as input.
DQMDB: Data Quality and Monitoring Database
Database storing the results of data-quality monitoring.
DRAM: dynamic random access memory
A computer memory technology.
drift: (1) refers to electron drift under the influence of an electric field in a TPC; (2) an excavated horizontal corridors (tunnels) in the underground areas at SURF.
DSNB: diffuse supernova neutrino background
The term describing the pervasive, constant flux of neutrinos due to all past supernova neutrino bursts.
DUNE-SP: a single-phase DUNE far detector module.
DSS: detector support system
The system of rails suspended from the cryostat ceiling in a SP module used to support the APAs, CPAs, and the endwall FCs.
DAQ dump buffer: This DAQ buffer accepts a high-rate data stream, in aggregate, from an associated portion of a far detector module sufficient to collect all data likely relevant to a potential SNB.
DUNE: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
A leading-edge, international experiment for neutrino science and proton decay studies; refers to the entire international experiment and collaboration.
DUNE-PRISM: DUNE Precision Reaction-Independent Spectrum Measurement
a mobile near detector that can perform measurements over a range of angles off-axis from the neutrino beam direction in order to sample many different neutrino energy distributions.
dunesw: The base DUNE software release.
DUNE-US: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment - United States; refers to the U.S. contribution to DUNE under the line-item LBNF/DUNE-US project.
DUNE Word: A term in the DUNE lexicon.

E

e4nu: Electrons for Neutrinos
A collaboration dedicated to using JLab’s electron-scattering data to deliver improved neutrino-nucleus cross sections.
EB: event builder
A software agent that executes trigger commands for one far detector module by reading out the requested data.
ECAL: electromagnetic calorimeter
A detector component that measures energy deposition of traversing particles (in the DUNE near detector design).
energy chain: mechanical machine elements used to carry and guide power to moving parts of machines or structures, as required for DUNE-PRISM to carry power, data, and utilities to and from each movable near detector component at any arbitrary position along its travel path.
EDMS: engineering document management system
A computerized document management system developed and supported at the CERN in which some DUNE project and collaboration documents, drawings and engineering models are managed.
edge-emitting laser: a laser in which light is emitted from the edge of the substrate.
EFIG: Experimental Facilities Interface Group
The body that provides a means to coordinate and discuss issues related to the interfaces within and between the facility and the DUNE detectors at both the Fermilab and SURF sites.
EHN1: Experiment Hall North One
Location at CERN of the NP02 and NP04 areas used for the ProtoDUNEs and for other test and prototyping activities for DUNE.
electron lifetime: The attachment of electrons drifting through liquid argon to impurity molecules such as oxygen or water is parameterized by an exponential as a function of time with a time constant called the electron lifetime.
EM: emergency management.
EMI: electromagnetic interference
Disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction.
ENC: equivalent noise charge
The equivalent noise charge is the input charge that corresponds to a S/N = 1.
ENOB: effective number of bits
The effective number of bits is a measure of the dynamic range of an ADC and its associated circuitry. The resolution of an ADC is specified by the number of bits used to represent the analog value, in principle giving 2N signal levels for an N-bit signal. However, all real ADC circuits introduce noise and distortion. ENOB specifies the resolution of an ideal ADC circuit that would have the same resolution as the circuit under consideration.
Enstore: A mass storage system developed by Fermilab that provides distributed access and management of data stored on tapes.
EOC: education and outreach committee.
EOS: EOS
The XRootD-based distributed file system developed by CERN.
ERT: emergency response team.
ES: elastic scattering
Events in which a neutrinoelastically scatters off of another particle.
ESD: electrostatic discharge.
ES&H: environment, safety and health
A discipline and specialty that studies and implements practical aspects of environmental protection and safety at work.
ESnet: Energy Sciences Network
The DOE’s dedicated science network.
ESPP: European Strategy for Particle Physics
Thecornerstone of Europe’sdecision-making process for the long-term future of thefield. Mandated by the CERN Council, it is formed through a broadconsultation of the grass-roots particle physics community, itactively solicits the opinions of physicists from around the world,and it is developed in close coordination with similar processes inthe USA and Japan in order to ensure coordination between regions andoptimal use of resources globally.
ETF: Experiment Test Framework
WLCG testing middleware that runs grid jobs that actively test distributed sites’ services and capabilities, and reports back to monitoring services.
ETL: external trigger logic
Trigger processing that consumes far detector module level trigger notification information and other global sources of trigger input and emits trigger command information back to the MTLs.
EVMS: earned value management system
Earned Value Management is a systematic approach to the integration and measurement of cost, schedule, and technical (scope) accomplishments on a project or task. It provides both the government and contractors the ability to examine detailed schedule information, critical program and technical milestones, and cost data (text from the US DOE); the EVMS is a system that implements this approach.
endwall FC: endwall field cage
The vertical portions of the field cage near the end walls.
EB: executive board
The highest level DUNE decision-making body for the collaboration; members include the spokespersons, collaboration IB chair, TCs, resource coordinator, computing coordinator, physics coordinators, Phase 2 coordinators, and consortium leaders.
exposure: The integrated detector fiducial mass times beam intensity; it is proportional to the number of interactions and is used to normalize cross sections in a data sample.
external trigger candidate: Information provided to the MTL about events external to a far detector module so that it may be considered in forming trigger commands.

F

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions
A software system for collecting and answering the most common questions about an activity.
FBK: Fondazione Bruno Kessler
FBK is a research non-profit entity in Trento, Italy that partners in the development of technology with applications in various fields including High Energy Physics.
field cage: The component of a LArTPC that contains and shapes the applied E field.
FCSS: field cage support system
The support system suspended from the cryostat ceiling in the FD2-VD Module 0 used to support the field cage.
FD: far detector
The 70 kt total (40 fiducial) mass LArTPC DUNE detector, composed of four LAr mass total (10 kt fiducial) mass modules, to be installed at the far site at SURF in Lead, SD, USA.
FD1+C: far detector module 1 + cryogenics
The first far detector module to be built at SURF, including integration and installation, and all cryogenics infrastructure to support FD1 and FD2; also a subproject of LBNF/DUNE-US.
FD2: far detector module 2
The second DUNE far detector module to be built at SURF.
FDC: Far Detector and Cryogenics Subproject.
FDR: Depending on context, either "final design report," a formal project document that describes the experiment at a final level, or "final design review," a formal review of the final design of the experiment or of a component.
FE: front-end
The front-end refers to a point that is "upstream" of the data flow for a particular subsystem. For example the FD1-HD front-end electronics is where the cold electronics meet the sense wires of the TPC and the front-end DAQ is where the DAQ meets the output of the electronics.
FEA: finite element analysis
Simulation of a physical phenomenon using the numerical technique called Finite Element Method (FEM), a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics.
FEB: front-end board.
DAQ FEC: DAQ front-end computer
The portion of one DAQ partition that hosts the DDR, DAQ primary buffer and data selector. It hosts the FER and corresponding portion of the DAQ primary buffer.
FEE: front-end electronics.
FELIX: Front-End Link eXchange
A high-throughput interface between FE and trigger electronics and the standard PCIe computer bus.
FEMB: front-end mother board
Refers to a unit of the SP CE that contains the FE amplifier and ADC ASICs covering 128 channels.
FERRY: Frontier Experiments RegistRY
a central database that keeps track of all scientific computing users at Fermilab, the experiments and groups of which they are members, and the various capabilities they are allowed.
FESHM: Fermilab Environment, Safety and Health Manual
The document that contains Fermilab ’s policies and procedures designed to manage environment, safety, and health in all its programs.
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform
An algorithm that calculates the frequency components of a time-domain waveform in a computationally efficient manner.
FHC: forward horn current (ν_μ mode).
FHICL: Fermilab Hierarchical Configuration Language; a standard configuration language for the storage, communication, and manipulation of scientific parameter sets.
FIFE: Fabric for Intensity Frontier Experiments
Fermilab computing infrastructure for IF Experiments.
FIFEMON: FabrIc for Frontier Experiments MONitoring
Comprehensive suite of job and storage monitoring information available for most Fermilab experiments, including DUNE.
FIFO: First-In-First-Out.
FIRUS: Facility Information Reporting Utility System
Facility incident reporting systems, one at Fermilab and at SURF, that monitors and reports the status of various fire, security and utility sensors.
FLS: fire and life safety system
Fire and life safety; systems designed with CF to meet building/safety code compliance for safe facilities at SURF and at Fermilab.
FMC: FPGA mezzanine card
Boards holding FPGAs and other integrated circuitry that attach to a motherboard.
Fermilab: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
U.S. national laboratory in Batavia, IL. It is the laboratory that hosts LBNF and DUNE, and serves as the experiment’s near site.
FPGA: field programmable gate array
Anintegrated circuit technology that allows the hardware to be reconfigured toexecute different algorithms after its manufacture and deployment.
FR-4: Flame-retardant fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin laminate used in making PCBs and other detector components.
FRA: Fermi Research Alliance
A joint partnership of the University of Chicago and the Universities Research Association (URA) that manages and operates Fermilab on behalf of the DOE.
FRP: fiber-reinforced plastic.
FS: Depending on context, one of (1) the far site, SURF, where the DUNE far detector is located; (2) "Full Stream" relates to a data stream that has not undergone selection, compression or other form of reduction.
FSCF: Far Site Conventional Facilities
The CF at the DUNE far detector site, SURF, including all detector caverns and support infrastructure.
FSCF-BSI: LBNF/DUNE-US subproject for far site conventional facilities, building and site infrastructure.
FSCF-EXC: LBNF/DUNE-US subproject for far site conventional facilities, excavation.
FSI: final-state interactions
Refers to interactions between elementary or composite particles subsequent to the initial, fundamental particle interaction, such as may occur as the products exit a nucleus.
FSII: far site integration and installation.
FSI: far site integration
The scope of work at the FS for the integration project.
Finite State Machine: a mathematical model of computation; it is an abstract machine that can be in exactly one of a finite number of states at any given time.
FSS: field shaping strips.
FTBF: Fermilab Test Beam Facility.
FTE: full-time equivalent. A unit of labor for the project. One year of work from one person.
FTS: File Transfer System
A file transfer system developed at Fermilab to catalog and move data to permanent storage.
FTS3: File Transfer Service version 3, developed by CERN, and distinct from, the Fermilab File Transfer Service.
F-FTS-lite: Light-weight version of the Fermilab File Transfer system used for rapid data transfers out of the online systems.
FV: fiducial volume
The detector volume within the TPC that is selected for physics analysis through cuts on reconstructed event position.
FWHM: full width at half maximum
Width of a distribution measured between those points at which the distribution is equal to half of its maximum amplitude.

G

G-10: Non-flame-retardant fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin laminate used in making PCBs.
g4lbnf: LBNF neutrino beamline simulation program.
GAr: gaseous argon
argon in its gas phase.
GArAna: provides a facility for making an analysis ntuple from information stored in GArSoft data products.
Garfield: A simulation program developed at CERN for gaseous detectors.
GArSoft: Gaseous Argon Software
A software toolkit similar to LArSoft, but targeted at the gaseous argon time projection chamber and calorimeter of ND-GAr.
GArTPC: gaseous argon time-projection chamber
A TPC filled with gaseous argon.
GDML: geometry description markup language
An application-independent, geometry-description format based on XML.
Geant4: A software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter using MC methods.
GÉANT: GÉANT interconnects Europe’s national research and education networking (NREN) organizations with the high bandwidth, high speed and highly resilient pan-European backbone..
GENIE: Generates Events for Neutrino Interaction Experiments
Software providing an object-oriented neutrino interaction simulation resulting in kinematics of the products of the interaction.
ground grid: An electrode held electrically neutral relative to Earth ground voltage; it is installed between the cathode and the PDs in a DP module to protect the PMTs, maintaining high transparency to light.
GiBUU: Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenback Project; a unified theory and transport framework in the MeV and GeV energy regimes for elementary reactions on nuclei.
git: a distributed version-control system, commonly used to manage software.
GitHub: a commercial web service providing code version management, storage, and browsing via git.
GKVM: Gava, Kneller, Volpe, McLaughlin Supernova model.
GlideinWMS: A system of submitting pilot jobs to grid computing sites, inside of which user jobs run, presenting a uniform setup across many different sites.
GLoBES: General Long-Baseline Experiment Simulator
A software package for simulating energy spectra of neutrino flux, interactions, and energy spectra measured after application of some model of a detector response).
grounding mesh: A metal mesh attached to the SP APA frame between the collection-plane wires and the space inside the frame where the PD modules are installed. It provides electric field uniformity so the collection-plane wires all have similar fields around them.
ground plane: An electrode held electrically neutral relative to Earth ground voltage; it is mounted on the field cage to protect the cryostat wall.
GPIB: general purpose interface bus.
grid plane: The uninstrumented plane of wires or electrodes on an anode planefacing the drift volume. It shapes the signals and provides ESD protection.
GPS: Global Positioning System
A satellite-based system that provides a highly accurate 1PPS signal that may be used to synchronize clocks and determine location.
GPSDO: GPS disciplined oscillator.
GPU: Graphical Processing Unit
Specialized computing hardware optimized for image processing.
GPUAAS: GPU As A Service
a technique that allows many non-GPU-enabled compute nodes to share a GPU resource by sending it work over the network and waiting for results to be returned.
dunegpvm: DUNE General Purpose Virtual Machine
Centrally managed virtual Linux systems at Fermilab with access to network attached and PNFS storage. Used for small-scale data analysis and algorithm development.
Grafana: add def.
GRAIN: In the SAND detector, a small cryostat containing LAr installed upstream of the straw-tube tracker inside the ECAL.
gray room: ISO-8 clean room with a cleanliness level of 3.5M particles of 0.5 micron or less per cubic meter volume. ISO-8 clean rooms are referred to as grey rooms because at this level of cleanliness most standard clean room attire is not required..
GSC group: global safety coordination group
DUNE group that evaluates applicable codes and standards, including international code equivalency, for the design, assembly, and installation of the FD.
GUT: grand unified theory
A class of theories that unifies the electroweak and strong forces.

H

H2: CERN North Area hadron beamline used for ProtoDUNE-DP and FD2-VD prototypes and demonstrators.
H4: CERN North Area hadron beamline used for ProtoDUNE-SP and ProtoDUNE-SP-II.
HA: hazard analysis
A first step in a process to assess risk; the result of hazard analysis is the identification of the hazards present for a task or process.
W: invariant mass of the hadronic system
Refers to the invariant mass of the hadronic system formed during the neutrino scatter.
HAR: hazard analysis report.
horizontal drift: single-phase, horizontal drift LArTPC technology.
HDF5: Hierarchical Data Format
Data format widely used in ML.
FD1-HD Module 0: The final pre-production ProtoDUNE instance for the DUNE FD1-HD far detector module, it will use the 800 t cryostat in NP04.
HDPE: high-density polyethylene
A thermoplastic polymer made from petroleum commonly used to make plastic bottles.
HEP: high energy physics.
HEPA: High Efficiency Particulate Air
The High Efficiency Particulate Air filters are a type of air filter that remove 99.97% of particles that have a size greater than or equal to 0.3 μm.
HEPCloud: routes jobs to local or remote computing resources based on the policy for a particular experiment, workflow requirements, and cost and efficiency of accessing the various resources. It expands the resources available to include HPC centers and commercial cloud resources.
HighLAND: High Level Analysis at a Neutrino Detector
Analysis framework developed by the T2K collaboration.
HL-LHC: High-luminosity LHC.
HLT: high-level trigger
This is actually a filter applied to data that has been triggered and aggregated in order to further reduce or characterize it.
HMI: human-machine interface.
HNL: heavy neutral lepton.
HPC: high-performance computing
high-performance computing facilities; generally computing facilities emphasizing parallel computing with aggregate power of more than a teraflop.
HPG: high-pressure gas
gas at high pressure to be used in a HPgTPC.
HPgTPC: high-pressure gaseous argon TPC
A TPC filled with gaseous argon; a possible component of the DUNE ND.
HSF: HEP Software Foundation
A foundation that facilitates cooperation and common efforts in high energy physics software and computing internationally.
HTC: High Throughput Computing
Computing facilities typically consisting of large numbers of commodity servers as opposed to a single large machine. Best suited for running large numbers of independent jobs in parallel, these facilities are what is usually meant by "grid computing".
HV: high voltage
Generally describes a voltage applied to drive the motion of free electrons through some media, e.g., LAr.
HVDB: voltage divider board.
HVFT: HV feedthrough.
HVPS: HV power supply.
HVS: high voltage system
The detector subsystem that provides the TPC drift field.
HWDB: hardware database.
HyperK: Hyper Kamiokande
260 kt water Cerenkov neutrino detector to begin construction at Kamiokande in 2020.

I

I2C: Inter-Integrated Circuit
I²C or I2C is a synchronous,multi-master, multi-slave, packet switched, single-ended, serial computer bus widely usedfor attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance,intra-board communication.
I&I: Integration and Installation
One of the three project areas in the LBNF/DUNE-US DOE project, along with LBNF and DUNE-US.
IB: institutional board; all institutions participating in DUNE are represented on this board.
ICARUS: A neutrino experiment that was located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy, then refurbished at CERN for re-use in the same neutrino beam from Fermilab used by the MiniBooNE , MicroBooNE and SBND experiments at Fermilab.
interface document: Interface document.
ICEBERG: ICEBERG R&D cryostat and electronics
Integrated Cryostat and Electronics Built for Experimental Research Goals: a double-walled cryostat built and installed at Fermilabfor liquid argon detector R&D and for testing of DUNE detector components.
IceCube: South Pole Neutrino Observatory.
ID: inner diameter
Inner diameter of a tube.
IESHP: integrated environmental, safety and health plan.
IF: Intensity Frontier
refers to HEP experiments, particularly in the U.S., that rely on high luminosity instead of high energy for discovery. Includes B-physics, neutrino, and muon experiments.
IFbeam: Database that stores beamline information indexed by timestamp.
ifdh: Intensity Frontier Data Handling
The actual command invoked when using IFDHC, on the command line, e.g. ifdh cp source_file dest_file.
IFDHC: Intensity Frontier Data Handling Client
A multi-protocol tool for data transfer and file delivery in jobs. It is able to automatically select transfer protocols based on source and destination characteristics.
IFIC: Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (in Valencia, Spain).
IH: inverted hierarchy
Refers to the neutrino mass eigenstate ordering whereby the sign of the mass squared difference associated with the atmospheric neutrino problem is negative.
IMS: integrated master schedule
A project management device consisting of linked tasks and milestones.
IMT: Intranuclear momentum transfer.
INC: International Neutrino Council
A highest-level international advisory body to the U.S. DOE and the Fermilab directorate on matters related to the LBNF and the PIP-II projects. This council is composed of representatives from the international funding agencies and CERN that make major contributions the infrastructure.
Indico: Web-based meeting organization tool.
InGaAs: Indium gallium arsenide is a room-temperature semiconductor commonly used as a high-speed, high-sensitivity photodetector for optical fiber telecommunications.
INL: integral non-linearity
A commonly used measure of performance in ADCs. It is the deviation between the ideal input threshold value and the measured threshold level of a certain output code.
integration project: The DOE project element that organizes the onsite teams responsible for coordinating far detector installation and detector-facility integration activities at SURF as well as near detector installation activities at Fermilab. The integration project office includes overall LBNF/DUNE systems engineering, compliance and review offices.
LBNF/DUNE Construction Project: The international project to design and build the facilities and detectors for the LBNF/DUNE; it includes the LBNF/DUNE-US and projects at multiple international partners to manage the contributions from non-US institutions and funding agencies to design, build, and install the detector components.
IO: inverted ordering
Refers to the neutrino mass eigenstate ordering whereby the sign of the mass squared difference associated with the atmospheric neutrino problem is negative.
IOV: interval of validity
Interval over which something is valid.
IPC: inter-process communication
A system for software elements to exchange information between threads, local processes or across a data network. An IPC system is typically specified in terms of protocols composed of message types and their associated data schema.
project integration director: Responsible for integration and installation of DUNE detector deliverables. Manages the integration project.
IPMI: Intelligent Platform Management Interface.
IPv6: the most recent version of the Internet communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
IBR: institutional board representative.
IRIG: inter-range instrumentation group
A standards body that defined a time-code standard for transferring timing information.
IROC: inner readout chamber
inner (radial) readout chamber for gaseous argon TPC.
IRR: installation readiness review
A project management mechanism by which the plan for installation is reviewed.

J

JobSub: The Fermilab IF job submission client that supports user submission of complex workflows to HT-Condor.
JPO: Joint Project Office
The framework used to facilitate close and coherent coordination across all elements with many shared management resources;JPO functions include systems engineering, procurement, ES&H, QA, finance, project controls, risk management, compliance, internal reviews, partner agreement management, document management, and administrative support.
JSON: JavaScript Object Notation
Open standard data interchange format that uses pair-value pairs and maps well onto python data formats such as tuples and lists.
justIN workflow system: Manages production and analysis workflows, using metadata from MetaCat to assemble lists of files to be processed and replica location information from Rucio to determine where best to process each file. justIN relies on "just in time" matching of work to job slots at sites.
JWT: JSON web token.

K

Kapton: A polyimide plastic film that is stable over a broad range of temperatures and is resistant to radiation damage.
Kerberos: A strong authentication system used by the computing resources at Fermilab and CERN.
KLOE: KLOE is a e⁺e⁻ collider detector spectrometer operated at DAFNE, the ϕ-meson factory at Frascati, Rome. In DUNE it will consist of a 26 cm Pb+scintillating fiber ECAL surrounding a cylindrical open detector region that is 4.00 m in diameter and 4.30 m long. The ECAL and detector region are embedded in a 0.6 T magnetic field created by a 4.86 m diameter superconducting coil and a 475 tonne iron yoke.
key performance parameter: (KPP) Defined by CD-2 (U.S.) as characteristic, function, requirement or design basis that if changed would have a major impact on the system or facility performance, schedule, cost and/or risk.

L

L/E: length-to-energy ratio.
LabVIEW: Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench is a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments.
LAN: Local Area Network
Computing network confined to a relatively small geographic area.
LANL: Los Alamos National Laboratory
US national laboratory in Los Alamos, NM.
LAPD: Liquid Argon Purity Demonstrator
Cryostat at Fermilab for long-term studies requiring a large volume of argon.
LAr: liquid argon
Argon in its liquid phase; it is a cryogenic liquid with a boiling point of 87 K and density of 1.4 g/ml.
LArASIC: A 16-channel FE ASIC that provides signal amplification and pulse shaping.
LArG4: LArG4 is the replacement for LArsim/LArG4. LArG4 is based on artg4tk.
LArIAT: The repurposed ArgoNeuT LArTPC, modified for use in a charged particle beam, dedicated to the calibration and precise characterization of the output response of these detectors.
LArPix: ASIC pixelated charge readout for a TPC.
LArSoft: Liquid Argon Software
A shared base of physics software across LArTPC experiments.
LArTPC: liquid argon time-projection chamber
A TPC filled with liquid argon;the basis for the DUNE FD modules.
LARZIC: The cryogenic amplifier that is the principal component of the FD2-VD top drift analog cards.
LAS: LEM-anode Sandwich
In the DP technology, a LEM and its corresponding anode are mounted together in a module called a LEM-anode sandwich.
Layer-3: Networking protocol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_layer.
LBL: long-baseline
Refers to the distance between the neutrino source and the FD. It can also refer to the distance between the near and far detectors. The "long" designation is an approximate and relative distinction. For DUNE, this distance (between Fermilab and SURF) is approximately 1300 km.
LBLS: laser beam location system
Auxiliary calibration system providing an independent location measurement of the ionization laser beams direction.
LBNC: Long-Baseline Neutrino Committee
The committee, composed of internationally prominent scientists with relevant expertise, charged by the Fermilab director to review the scientific, technical, and managerial progress, plans and decisions associated with DUNE.
LBNE: Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment; (1) a terminated U.S. experiment that was reformulated in 2014 under the auspices of the new DUNE collaboration, an internationally coordinated and internationally funded program, with Fermilab as host; and (2) the former incarnation of LBNF/DUNE-US.
LBNF: Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility
Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility; refers to the facilities that support the experiment, including in-kind contributions under the line-item project. The portion of LBNF/DUNE-US responsible for developing the neutrino beam, the far site cryostats, and far and near site cryogenics systems, and the conventional facilities, including the excavations.
LBNF/DUNE: LBNF and DUNE enterprise
Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment; refers to the overall enterprise or program including LBNF/DUNE-US, participating international projects, and the DUNE experiment and collaboration.
LBNF/DUNE-US SPAC: LBNF / DUNE-US Strategic Project Advisory Committee
A committee charged by the host laboratory director to provide expert, independent advice on significant issues and strategies related to LBNF/DUNE-US project organization, management, and risks.
LBNL: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
US national laboratory in Berkeley, CA.
LBNO: Long Baseline Neutrino Observatory
A terminated European project that, during its six-year duration, assessed the feasibility of a next-generation deep underground neutrino observatory in Europe).
LCM: light calibration module.
LDM: light-mass dark matter
Refers to dark matter particles with mass values much lower than the electroweak scale, specifically below the 1 GeV level.
LDMX: Light Dark Matter eXperiment
The LDMX detector concept consists of a small precision tracker, and electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, all with near 2π azimuthal acceptance from the forward beam axis out to ∼ 40^∘ angle. This detector would be capable of measuring correlations among electrons, pions, protons, and neutrons in electron-nucleus scattering at exactly the energies relevant for DUNE physics.
LDO: low-dropout regulator
A low-dropout or LDO regulator is a DC linear voltage regulator that can regulate the output voltage even when the supply voltage is very close to the output voltage.
LED: Light-emitting diode.
LEM: large electron multiplier
A micro-pattern detector suitable for use in ultra-pure argon vapor; LEMs consist of copper-clad PCB boards with sub-millimeter-size holes through which electrons undergo amplification.
LHC: Large Hadron Collider.
LHCb: LHC experiment dedicated to forward physics.
LHe: liquid helium.
LN₂: liquid nitrogen.
LNG: liquefied natural gas
Pertaining to natural gas in its liquid phase.
LPM: light pulser module.
LPS: laser positioning system.
LRI: long-range interactions.
LRO: light readout
The system for detecting scintillation photons in a LArTPC detector module.
LSB: least significant bit
The bit with the lowest numerical value in a binary number.
LSND: Liquid Scintilator Neutrino Detector
A scintillation detector and associated experiment located at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
LSST: Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
8.4 m telescope with 3.2G-pixel camera that will start taking data in 2023.
LUX: Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter detector at SURF.
LV: low voltage.
LVDS: low-voltage differential signaling.
LXPLUS: Linux Public Login User Service)
The interactive logon service to Linux for all CERN users.
LY: light yield
detected photons per unit deposited energy.
LZ: Experiment sited at SURF that seeks to detect faint interactions between galactic dark matter and regular matter.

M

MAD-X: framework that provides the de facto standard scripting language to describe particle accelerators, simulate beam dynamics, and optimize beam optics at CERN.
MARLEY: Model of Argon Reaction Low Energy Yields
Developed at UC Davis, MARLEY is the first realistic model of neutrino electron interactions on argon for enegies less than 50 MeV. This includes the energy range important for SNB neutrinos and also solar 8–boron neutrinos.
MARS: The MARS code system is a set of MC programs for detailed simulation of coupled hadronic and electromagnetic cascades, with heavy ion, muon and neutrino production and interactions.
MC: Monte Carlo
Refers to a method of numerical integration that entails the statistical sampling of the integrand function. Forms the basis for some types of detector and physics simulations.
MCH: MicroTCA Carrier Hub
A network switching device.
MCND: More Capable Near Detector.
MCParticle: Monte Carlo Particle
Individual true simulated particle.
MCR: main communications room
Space at the FD site for cyber infrastructure.
MEC: meson-exchange currents
An nuclear effect wherein pairs or larger groups of nucleons within a nucleus are bound together through the exchange of pions or other mesons. Neutrinos and other particles can scatter from these correlated pairs.
MetaCat: MetaCat
Metadata Catalog, a modern replacement for the file description portion of the sam metadata catalog.
MetaCat-dataset: A fixed but mutable collection of files defined by queries to the data catalog.
MH: mass hierarchy
Describes the separation between the mass squared differences related to the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems (also written as MO).
MI: Fermilab Main Injector
An accelerator at Fermilab that provides a beam of high-energy protons to the the LBNF/DUNE-US beamline.
MicroBooNE: A LArTPC neutrino oscillation experiment at Fermilab.
MINERvA: Neutrino cross sections experiment at Fermilab, shut down in 2019.
MiniBooNE: The Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment, at Fermilab , was designed to fully explore the LSND result.
MiniPOD: miniature parallel optical device
a family of types of multi-channel optical transceivers.
MINOS: A long-baseline neutrino experiment, with a near detector at Fermilab and a far detector in the Soudan mine in Minnesota, designed to observe the phenomena of neutrino oscillations (ended data runs in 2012).
MINOS+: The successor to the MINOS experiment, utilizing the same detectors and beam line, but operating at higher beam energy tune than MINOS, parasitic with NOvA.
MIP: minimum ionizing particle
Refers to a particle traversing some medium such that the particle’s mean energy loss is near the minimum.
MISO: master in slave out
The Master In Slave Out is a logicsignal on the SPI bus on which the data from the slave are transmitted oncea request from the master is received.
Majorana Demonstrator: Experiment sited at SURF that seeks to determine whether neutrinos are their own antiparticles.
ML: Machine Learning
Machine Learning.
MLT: module level trigger
The DAQ component responsible for producing a trigger decision that will be used to command the readout of a detector module.
MO: mass ordering
See MH.
MOA: memorandum of agreement
A project management methodology that documents an agreement between Fermilab and the LBNF/DUNE-US Project for how Fermilab will support the project.
Module 0: The final pre-production instance of a detector; for the DUNE far detector modules, the ProtoDUNE-IIs in the 800 t cryostats in NP02 and NP04 serve this purpose.
module: Many aspects of the DUNE far and near detectors are modular, so "module" must be understood in context. It may refer to one of the four far detector modules, distinct portions of a subdetector as in a "field cage module," a software or electronics module, e.g., a separate framework plug-in, and so on.
MONIT: a suite of tools using open source technology used in the monitoring of the CERN IT data center and WLCG infrastructure..
MOSI: master out slave in
The Master Out Slave In is a logicsignal on the SPI bus on which the data from the master is transmitted.
MoU: memorandum of understanding
A project management methodology that LBNF/DUNE-US uses to document agreement,s, e.g., between Fermilab and the Project, for how Fermilab will support the Project. More generally, a document summarizing an agreement between two or more parties.
MPD: multi-purpose detector
A component of the near detector conceptual design; it is a magnetized system consisting of a HPgTPC and a surrounding ECAL.
MPGD: MicroPattern Gas Detectors.
MPPC: 6 mm×6 mm Multi-Pixel Photon Counters produced by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
MPT detector: multipurpose tracking detector.
MPV: most probable value.
MQL: Query Language
A query language which supports queries of the data catalog, including parentage and logical functions such as union, join and subtraction.
MRB: Multi Repository Build System
A Fermilab-developed build system based on that allows development and builds of code from multiple repositories.
MSDS: Manufacturer Safety Data Sheet.
MSPS: megasamples per second.
MSW: Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect
Explains the oscillatory behavior of neutrinos produced inside the sun as they traverse the solar matter.
MTBF: mean time between failures.
MTL: module trigger logic
Trigger processing that consumes detector unit level trigger command information and emits trigger commands. It provides the ETL with trigger notifications and receives back any external trigger candidates.
Mu2e: An experiment sited at Fermilab that searches for charged-lepton flavor violation and seeks to discover physics beyond the SM.
MWPC: multi-wire proportional chamber.

N

NA61: CERN hadron production experiment.
NAS: network attached storage
Disk storage that is available on computers but shared between them. Relies on NFS mounts rather than authenticated file transfer protocols. Usually found on interactive servers to provide space for home directories, app and data storage.
NASA: U.S. National Aereonautics and Space Administration.
NC: neutral current
Refers to an interaction between elementary particles where a neutrally charged weak force carrier (Z⁰) is exchanged.
North Cavern: the location of two of the planned four DUNE far detector modules at SURF.
NCG: Neutrino Cost Group
A group of internationally prominent scientists with relevant experience that is charged by the Fermilab director to review the cost, schedule, and associated risks for the DUNE experiment.
ND: near detector
Refers to the collection of DUNE detector components installed close to the neutrino source at Fermilab; also a subproject of LBNF/DUNE-US that includes installation, infrastructure, and the cryogenics systems for this detector.
ND280: Near Detector 280, is the magnetized near detector.
NDE: non-destructive evaluation.
ND-GAr: component of the near detector with a core gaseous argon TPC surrounded by an ECAL and a magnet.
ND-GAr-Lite: a temporary muon spectrometer consisting of the magnet and steel flux return of ND-GAr, but with a simplified tracking chamber made with scintillating bars.
NDK: nucleon decay
The hypothetical, baryon number violating decay of a proton or a bound neutron into lighter particles.
ND-LAr: LArTPC component of the near detector based on ArgonCube technology.
NERSC: National Energy Research Computing Facility at LBNL.
NEST: noble element simulation technique
Comprehensive simulation code modeling the excitation, ionization, and corresponding scintillation and electroluminescence processes in liquid noble elements.
NEUT: neutrino interaction generator
A neutrino interaction simulation program library for the studies of atmospheric and accelerator neutrinos.
nEXO: Enriched Xenon Observatory
Experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (U.S. national lab in Livermore, CA) searching for new physics with neutrinoless double-beta decay.
NFS: network file system
Industry-standard mechanism for mounting disks over a network. Provides regular UNIX file and directory access.
NH: normal hierarchy
Refers to the neutrino mass eigenstate ordering whereby the sign of the mass squared difference associated with the atmospheric neutrino problem is positive.
NIC: network interface controller
Hardware for controlling the interface to a communication network. Typically, one that obeys the Ethernet protocol.
NIOS: network identity operating system.
NO: normal ordering
Refers to the neutrino mass eigenstate ordering whereby the sign of the mass squared difference associated with the atmospheric neutrino problem is positive.
NOvA: The NOvA off-axis neutrino oscillation experiment at Fermilab.
NP02: The CERN North Area in EHN1 intersected by the H2 hadron beamline, the location of the 800 t cryostat used for ProtoDUNE-DP and for FD2-VD tests and prototypes; also used to refer to the 800 t cryostat in this area.
NP04: The CERN North Area in EHN1 intersected by the H4 hadron beamline, the location of ProtoDUNE-SP and ProtoDUNE-SP-II; also used to refer to the 800 t cryostat in this area.
NREN: National Research and Education Network
National level research computing network infrastructure.
NSCF: Near Site Conventional Facilities
The CF at the DUNE near detector site, Fermilab.
NSI: nonstandard interaction
A general class of theory of elementary particles other than the Standard Model.
NSI: near site integration
The scope of work at the near site for the integration project.
NTP: Network Time Protocol
A networking protocol that allows synchronizing of clocks to within a few ms of a time standard on a local network and within a few tens of ms over the Internet.
NuFIT 4.0: The NuFIT 4.0 global fit to neutrino oscillation data.
Nuisance: An open source C++ framework for studying neutrino interaction cross sections.
NuMI: a set of facilities at Fermilab, collectively called "Neutrinos at the Main Injector." The NuMI neutrino beamline target system converts an intense proton beam into a focused neutrino beam.
NuTools: shared code for LArSoft + NOvA + other neutrino experiments that use art. Includes beam and event generators and re-weighting packages.
NuWro: neutrino interaction generator.
NVMe: Non-volatile memory express
A specification for an interface to storage media attached via PCIe.

O

octant: Any of the eight parts into which 4π is divided by three mutually perpendicular axes. In particular in referencing the value for the mixing angle θ₂₃.
OD: outer diameter
Outer diameter of a tube.
ODH: oxygen deficiency hazard
a hazard that occurs when inert gases such as nitrogen, helium, or argon displace room air and thus reduce the percentage of oxygen below the level required for human life.
OM: online monitoring
Processes that run inside the DAQ on data "in flight," specifically before landing on the offline disk buffer, and that provide feedback on the operation of the DAQ itself and the general health of the data it is marshalling.
OM3: Type of multi-mode fiber optic cable, typically capable of 10 Gbps data transmission at lengths up to 300 m.
OM4: Type of multi-mode fiber optic cable, typically capable of 10 Gbps data transmission at lengths up to 550 m.
OPC: open platform communications
Open platform communications is a series of standards and specifications for industrial telecommunication.
OPC-UA: OPC Unified Architecture is a machine to machine communication protocol for industrial automation developed by the OPC Foundation. OPC stands for Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control.
OPC: other project costs
The DOE project costs that support conceptual design, pre-operations commissioning, technical coordination, and power.
OpenStack: An open source cloud software used to deploy instances of containers.
ORC: operational readiness clearance
Final safety approval prior to the start of operation.
OROC: outer readout chamber
outer (radial) readout chamber for gaseous argon TPC.
ORR: operational readiness review
A project management mechanism by which the operational readiness is reviewed.
OSG: Open Science Grid
Open Science Grid.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA Department of Labor) formed by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

P

P6: software framework used to plan and status the resource-loaded schedule of activities associated with LBNF/DUNE-US.
PAB: Proton Assembly Building
Home of several LAr facilities at Fermilab.
Pandora: The Pandora multi-algorithm approach to pattern recognition.
PCA: principal component analysis
A statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components (Wikipedia).
PCB: printed circuit board.
PCB panel: In the FD2-VD design, one of four PCBs of size1.5 × 1.7,̇m assembled into a CRU.
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect.
PD: photon detector
The detector elements involved in measurement of the number and arrival times of optical photons produced in a detector module.
ProtoDUNE-II: ProtoDUNE test runs at CERN in 2022-2023; also called Module 0.
ProtoDUNE-II-HD: The second ProtoDUNE for the HD design, using NP04 to test installation, integration, and detector component performance.
ProtoDUNE-DP: The DP ProtoDUNE detector constructed at CERN in NP02.
PDE: photo detection efficiency.
PDG: Particle Data Group.
ProtoDUNE-ND: a prototype DUNE ND.
PDR: Depending on context, either "preliminary design report," a formal project document that describes the experiment at a preliminary level, or "preliminary design review," a formal review of the preliminary design of the experiment or of a component.
PDS: photon detection system
The detector subsystem sensitive to light produced in the LAr.
ProtoDUNE-SP: The FD1-HD ProtoDUNE detector constructed at CERN in NP04.
ProtoDUNE-SP-II: A second test run in the single-phase ProtoDUNE test stand at CERN, acting as a validation of the finalsingle-phase detector design.
PE: photoelectron
An electron ejected from the surface of a material by the photoelectric effect.
PEEK: Polyether ether ketone, a colorless organic thermoplastic polymer.
PEP-4: TPC for the Positron Electron Project 4 Collider at Stanford.
perfSONAR: performance Service-Oriented Network monitoring ARchitecture
a network measurement toolkit designed to provide federated coverage of paths and to help establish end-to-end usage expectations.
P5: Particle Physics Project PrioritizationPanel
The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) was asubpanel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP). It completedits Report, a ten-year strategic plan for high energy physics in theU.S., in 2014. This report included a recommendation that "host a world-leading neutrinoprogram that will have an optimized set of short- and long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, and its long-term focusis a reformulated venture referred to here as the Long BaselineNeutrino Facility (LBNF)".
PFParticle: particle flow particle
Each of the individual reconstructed particles in the hierarchy (or particle flow) describing the reconstructed event interaction.
pickling: steel pickling and oiling is a metal surface treatment finishing process used to remove surface impurities such as rust and carbon scale from hot rolled carbon steel.
PID: particle ID
Particle identification.
PIP-II: Proton Improvement Plan II
A Fermilab project for improving the protons on target delivered delivered by the LBNF neutrino production beam. This is version two of this plan and it is planned to be followed by a PIP-III.
PLC: programmable logic controller
An industrial digital computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing or other processes that require high reliability, ease of programming, and process fault diagnosis.
PLL: Phase-Locked Loop
A control system that generates anoutput signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal.
PMA: Projection Matching Algorithm
A reconstruction algorithm that combines 2D reconstructed objects to form a 3D representation.
PMNS: Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata
A type of matrix that describes the mixing between mass and weak eigenstates of the neutrino.
PMOS: (see CMOS; PMOS is constructed with the p-type source and drain and an n-type substrate.
PMT: photomultiplier tube
A device that makes use of the photoelectric effect to produce an electrical signal from the arrival of optical photons.
PNFS: Pseudo Network File System
A file system often used in large storage systems. Typically interaction is very similar to a regular NFS volume, but there can be some subtle and important differences.
PNP: Type of bipolar junction transistor consistning of alayer of N-doped semiconductor sandwiched between two layers of P-doped material.
PNS: pulsed neutron source
Calibration system basedon neutron capture gamma showers spread out in the whole detector.
PoE: power-over-Ethernet
systems that pass electric power along with data on twisted-pair Ethernet cabling.
PoF: power-over-fiber
a technology in which a fiber optic cable carries optical power, which is used as an energy source rather than, or as well as, carrying data; this allows a device to be remotely powered, while providing electrical isolation between the device and the power supply.
POMS: Production Operations Management System
A workflow management system available for all DUNE users to submit and monitor grid jobs as well as view job log files.
POSIX: Portable Operating System Interface - Unix standard for operating system interfaces.
Postgres: also known as PostgreSQL, Postgres is a free and open-source relational database management system used extensively for databases in HEP.
POT: protons on target
Typically used as a unit of normalization for the number of protons striking the neutrino production target.
ppb: parts per billion
A concentration equal to one part in 10⁹.
PPC: photovoltaic power converter.
PPE: personnel protective equipment
Equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
PPFX: Package to Predict the FluX
Fermilab-supported package that implements hadron production corrections to geant4 simulations and propagates uncertainties for the NuMI and LBNF beam lines.
ppm: parts per million
A concentration equal to one part in 10⁶.
PPR: production progress review
A project management mechanism by which the progress of production is reviewed.
1PPS signal: one-pulse-per-second signal
An electrical signal with a fast rise time and that arrives in real time with a precise period of one second.
ppt: parts per trillion
A concentration equal to one part in 10¹².
project.py: XML-based job configuration system developed by the MicroBooNE collaboration.
ProtoDUNE: Either of the two initial DUNE prototype detectors constructed at CERN. One prototype implemented SP technology and the other DP.
ProtoDUNE-II: The second run of a ProtoDUNE detector.
PRR: production readiness review
A project management mechanism by which the production readiness is reviewed.
PSV: pressure safety valve.
PTB: power and timing backplane
Backplane used to connect the WIBs and the PTCs on the WIEC. Also connects the CE flange on the cryostat penetration.
PTC: power and timing card
Cards that provide further processing and distribution of the signals entering and exiting the SP cryostat.
PTP: Depending on context, either p-terphenyl, a WLS material, or Precision Time Protocol, a networking protocol that allows synchronizing of clocks to within a few μs of a time standard on a local network.
PUB/SUB: publish-subscribe communication pattern
An IPC communication pattern where one element, the publisher, sends data to all connected elements, the subscribers. Each subscriber may connect to multiple publishers. A variant is PUB/SUB with topics where a subscriber may register an identifier, the topic, to limit the information received to just an associated subset.

Q

QA: quality assurance
The process of ensuring thatthe quality of each element meets requirements during design and development, and to detect and correct poor results prior to production.
QAM: quality assurance manager.
QAP: quality assurance plan.
QC: quality control
The process (e.g., inspection, testing, measurements)of ensuring that each manufactured element meets its quality requirements prior to assembly or installation.
QE: quasi-elastic
Refers to the interaction of an elementary charged particle with a nucleus in an energy range where the interaction can be modeled as taking place with individual nucleons.
QFP: Quad Flat Package.

R

RAII: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
a C++ programming technique that binds the lifecycle of a resource that must be acquired before use (e.g., allocated heap memory, thread of execution, open socket, open file, locked mutex, disk space, database connection—anything that exists in limited supply) to the lifetime of an object.
DAQ event block: The unit of data output by the DAQ. It contains trigger and detector data spanning a unique, contiguous time period and a subset of the detector channels.
RC: Depending on context, one of (1) resistive-capacitive (circuit), (2) run control, the system for configuring, starting and terminating the DAQ, or (3) resource coordinator, a member of the DUNE management team responsible for coordinating the financial resources of the project.
RCE: reconfigurable computing element
Data processor located outside of the cryostat on a COB that contains FPGA, RAM and SSD resources, responsible for buffering data, producing trigger primitives, responding to triggered requests for data and synching SNB dumps.
readout window: A fixed, atomic and continuous period of time over which data from a far detector module, in whole or in part, is recorded. This period may differ based on the trigger that initiated the readout.
recombination: Electrons freed from Argon atoms will sometimes recombine with the positive argon ions, either the same ones from which they came or nearby ones. Sometimes called "quenching".
Redmine: an open source code repository and issue tracking tool that was historically used by many of the Fermilab general computing projects and IF experiments.
RES: resonant scattering
The mode of scattering where the target nucleon is excited to a resonant state and decays, typically producing one or more pions.
REST: Representational State Transfer
Standard for web interfaces.
RF: radio frequency
Electromagnetic emissions that are within the (radio) frequency band of sensitivity of the detector electronics.
RHC: reverse horn current (ν_μ bartonumubar mode).
RIO: reconfigurable input output.
risk probabilities: The risk probability, after taking into account the planned mitigation activities, is ranked as L (low < 10 % ) , M ( medium 10 % ) , orH ( high–25 % ) , orH ( high > 25 % ) The cost and schedule impacts are ranked asL ( cost increase < 5 % , schedule delay < 2 months),M (5 % and 2 - - 6 months , respectively ) andH (–25 % and 2 - - 6 months , respectively ) andH (> 20 % and > 2 months, respectively).
RMM: Resistive MicroMegas.
RMS: root mean square
The square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of values, used as a measure of the typical magnitude of a set of numbers, regardless of their sign.
RNtuple: The next generation of the ROOT I/O system.
RO: review office
An office within the integration project that organizes reviews.
ROC: readout chamber
readout chamber for gaseous argon TPC.
ROI: region of interest.
ROOT: A modular scientific software toolkit. It provides all the functionalities needed to deal with big data processing, statistical analysis, visualization, and storage. It is mainly written in C++ but integrated with other languages such as Python and R.
RP: resistive panel
Resistive panels form the constant potential surfaces for a SP module CPA; they are composed of a thin layer of carbon-impregnated Kapton and laminated to both sides of a FR-4 sheet.
RPA: random phase approximation
an approximation method commonly used for describing the dynamic linear electronic response of electron systems (Wikipedia).
RRB: Resources Review Board
A part of DUNE’s international project governance structure, composed of representatives of all funding agencies that sponsor the project, and of Fermilab management, established to provide coordination among funding partners and oversight of DUNE.
RSDS: radioactive source deployment system
Proposed calibration system based on the deployment ofradioactive sources inside the DUNE cryostat.
RSE: Rucio Storage Element
A storage element that is known to the DUNE Rucio instance.
RTD: resistance temperature detector
A temperature sensor consisting of a material with an accurate and reproducible resistance/temperature relationship.
Rucio: Data management system originally developedby ATLAS but now open-source and shared across HEP.

S

S/N: signal-to-noise
signal-to-noise ratio.
S3: The Amazon cloud-based commercial storage service.
SAC: spokespersons advisory committee.
SACI: SLAC ASIC Control Interface.
SAM: sequential access via metadata
A data-handling system to store and retrieve files and associated metadata, including a complete record of the processing that has used the files.
SAM-consumer: A client process that requests information about file locations from a , process the file and reports success or failure.
SAM-dataset: A dynamic collection of files defined by queries to the data catalog.
parameter: A user or experiment described quantity describing a file in the data catalog.
SAM-project: A server process running centrally that maintains a predefined list of files and delivers information about their locations when asked by distributed processes. The project tracks success and failure of file processing.
SAM-snapshot: A fixed collection of files corresponding to a at a particular point in time.
value: A generic quantity describing a file in the data catalog.
SAND: System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection
The beam monitor component of the near detector that remains on-axis at all times and serves as a dedicated neutrino spectrum monitor.
SAR: successive approximation register.
S-ARAPUCA: Standard ARAPUCA design with different WLS coatings on both faces of the dichroic filter window(s) of the cell.
SAS: Another term for the materials airlock; a pass-through chamber used to ensure safe transfer of materials into a clean room, avoiding contamination in both directions.
SBN: Short-Baseline Neutrino
A Fermilab program consisting of three collaborations, MicroBooNE, SBND, and ICARUS, to perform sensitive searches for ν_e appearance and ν_μ disappearance in the Booster Neutrino Beam.
SBND: The Short-Baseline Near Detector experiment at Fermilab.
SC: depending on context, either speakers committee or scientific computing.
SCADA: supervisory control and data acquisition.
South Cavern: the location of two of the planned four DUNE far detector modules at SURF.
SCD: scientific computing division
Fermilab’s Scientific Computing Division.
SCE: space charge effect.
SCI: Scientific Computing Infrastructure
Proposedextension of the infrastructure component of WLCG to otherexperiments.
SDSD: Fermilab South Dakota Services Division
A Fermilab division responsible providing host laboratory functions at SURF in South Dakota.
SDSSF: South Dakota Steel Storage Facility.
SDSTA: South Dakota Science and Technology Authority
The legal entity that manages SURF, in Lead, S.D.
SDWF: South Dakota Warehouse Facility
Warehousing operations in South Dakota responsible for receiving LBNF and DUNE goods and coordinating shipments to the access shaft (Ross Shaft) at SURF.
SEMP: systems engineering management plan.
ServiceNow: a commercial enterprise workflow system used by Fermilab for formal issue tracking and IT workflows such as user account preparation.
SFDR: spurious free dynamic range
Spurious free dynamic range is the ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal regardless of where it falls in the frequency spectrum. The worst spur may or may not be a harmonic of the original signal.
SuperFGD: Super Fine-Grained Detector (SuperFGD) is a 3D granular plastic scintillator detector that adopts the same technology as . It will be installed in the system . The design will inherit in large part from the SuperFGD detector.
SFP: small form-factor pluggable
a particular standard for optical transceivers.
SFT: signal feedthrough
A cryostat penetration allowing for the passage of cables or other extended parts.
SFT chimney: signal feedthrough chimney
A volume above the cryostat penetration used for a signal feedthrough.
shaft: A vertical excavation at SURF connecting with the surface.
SHV: safe high voltage
Type of bayonet mountconnector used on coaxial cables that has additional insulationcompared to standard BNC and MHV connectors that makes it saferfor handling HV by preventing accidental contact with thelive wire connector in an unmated connector or plug.
Signal Processing: The goal of TPC signal processing is to reconstruct the distribution of ionization electrons arriving at wire planes from the digitized TPC waveform.
SingleCube: A cubical time projection chamber 30 cm on a side with a single ND-LAr pixel readout tile, used for prototyping and tests.
SiPM: silicon photomultiplier
A solid-state avalanche photodiode sensitive to single photoelectron signals.
SIS: shallow inelastic scattering.
Super-Kamiokande: Experiment sited in the Kamioka-mine, Hida-city, Gifu, Japan that uses a large water Cherenkov detector to study neutrino properties through the observation of solar neutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos and man-made neutrinos.
SKA: Square Kilometer Array
International radio telescope array planned to start data-taking in 2027.
SLAC: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
US national laboratory in Menlo Park, CA.
Slack: a commercial business communication platform.
SLS: spill location system
A system residing at the DUNE far detector site that provides information, possibly predictive, indicating periods of time when neutrinos are being produced by the Fermilab Main Injector beam spills.
SM: Standard Model
Refers to a theory describing the interaction of elementary particles.
SMA: SubMiniature version A
Connector interface for coaxial cableswith a screw-type coupling mechanism.
SME: standard-model extension
an effective field theory that contains the SM, general relativity, and all possible operators that break Lorentz symmetry (Wikipedia).
SN: supernova
Event that occurs upon the death of certain types of stars.
SNB: supernova neutrino burst
A prompt increase in the flux of low-energy neutrinos emitted in the first few seconds of a core-collapse supernova. It can also refer to a trigger command type that may be due to this phenomenon, or detector conditions that mimic its interaction signature.
SNB/LE: supernova neutrino burst and low energy
Supernova neutrino burst and low-energy physics program.
SNDR: signal to noise and distortion ratio
Also known as SINAD. Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square of all other spectral components, including harmonics, but excluding DC levels. It is a good indication of the overall dynamic performance of an ADC because it includes all components which make up noise and distortion.
SNEWS: SuperNova Early Warning System
A global supernova neutrino burst trigger formed by a coincidence of SNB triggers collected from participating experiments.
SNO: Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was a detector built 6800 feet under ground, in INCO’s Creighton mine near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. SNO was a heavy-water Cherenkov detector designed to detect neutrinos produced by fusion reactions in the sun.
SNOwGLoBES: SuperNovaObservatories with GLoBES
From the official description: SNOwGLoBES is public software for computing interaction rates and distributions of observed quantities for SNB neutrinos in common detector materials.
SoF: signal-over-fiber
a technology in which a fiber optic cable carries detector output that has been converted from an electrical to an optical pulse.
solarization: Aging caused by exposure to UV-light, which can lead to increased attenuation.
SONIC: Services for OptimizedNetwork Inference on Coprocessors
Framework for implementing machine learning algorithms on co-processors developed by Fermilab.
SP: single-phase
Distinguishes a LArTPC technology by the fact that it operates using argon in its liquid phase only; a legacy DUNE term now replaced by horizontal drift and vertical drift.
Spack: Software package manager for UNIX and mac OS systems.
SPE: single photoelectron
A single photoelectron.
FD1-HD: horizontal drift detector module
LArTPC design used in FD1 in which electrons drift horizontally to wire plane anodes (APAs) that along with the front-end electronics are immersed in LAr.
SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface
The Serial Peripheral Interface is asynchronous serial communication interface specification used for short distancecommunication, primarily in embedded systems.
SPICE: Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis
a general-purpose,open-source analog electronic circuit simulator. It is a program used in integratedcircuit and board-level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and topredict circuit behavior.
SP module: single-phase DUNE FD module.
FD2-VD: vertical drift detector module
LArTPC design used in FD2 in which electrons drift vertically to PCB-based anodes at the top and bottom of the LAr volume, with a cathode in the middle.
SRC: short-range correlated nucleon-nucleon interactions.
SSC: The Superconducting Super Collider was to be a huge underground ring complex beneath the area near Waxahachie, Texas, USA, that would have been the world’s most energetic particle accelerator. It was begun in 1990, but canceled by the U.S. Congress in 1993 (scientificamerican.com Oct 2013).
SSD: solid-state disk
Any storage device that may provide sufficient write throughput to receive, both collectively and distributed, the sustained full rate of data from a far detector module for many seconds.
SSO: single sign-on
Used at Fermilab to indicate that a group of services, such as DocDB or the DUNE Wiki share common sign-in credentials and active sessions. Fermilab services that say "Sign in with SSO username and password" mean to use your Fermilab Services or federated username and password.
SSP: SiPM signal processor.
StashCache: A distributed caching federation that enables opportunistic users to utilize nearby opportunistic storage.
STT: straw tube tracker.
STV: Single Transverse Variables
Kinematical variables obtained by projecting the neutrino interaction onto the transverse plane.
SURF: Sanford Underground Research Facility
The laboratory in Lead, SD, USA where the DUNE FD will be installed and operated; also where the LBNF/DUNE-US FSCF and the FS cryostat and cryogenics systems will be constructed.
SUSY: supersymmetry
Theoretical symmetry between a fermion and a boson.
SWC: Software & Computing.

T

T2K: T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) is a long-baseline neutrino experiment in Japan studying neutrino oscillations.
TAI: International Atomic Time.
TallBo: A cylindrical cryostat at Fermilab primarily used for developing scintillation light collection technologies for LArTPC detectors.
TAP: trip action plan
A document required for any trip by a worker to the underground area at SURF, per that site’s access control program; it describes the work to be accomplished during the trip.
TB: technical board
The DUNE organization responsible for evaluating technical decisions.
TCN: technical coordination
The DUNE organization responsible for overall integration of the detector elements and successful execution of the detector construction project; areas of responsibility include general project oversight, systems engineering, QA and safety.
TCM: trigger command message
A message flowing down the trigger hierarchy from global to local context. Also see TPM.
TCO: temporary construction opening
An opening in the side of a cryostat through which detector elements are brought into the cryostat; utilized during construction and installation.
TC: technical coordinator
A member of the DUNE management team responsible for organizing the technical aspects of the project effort; is head of TCN.
TDAQ: trigger and DAQ system.
TDE: top detector electronics.
TDR: Depending on context, either "technical design report," a formal project document that describes the experiment at a technical level, or "technical design review," a formal review of the technical design of the experiment or of a component.
THD: total harmonic distortion
Total harmonic distortion is the ratio of the RMS value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the root-sum-square of its harmonics.
TKI: transverse kinematic imbalance
The imbalance among final-state particle momenta in the transverse plane to the neutrino direction; different aspects of the imbalance are sensitive to the detail of the nuclear effects in neutrino-nucleus interactions.
TMS: The Muon Spectrometer
A muon spectrometer for the Near Detector that will be installed for the initial running period of DUNE, before the MPD detector component is ready.
TOAD: Teststand of an Overpressure Argon Detector
A test of a high-pressure gaseous argon TPC in the Fermilab Test Beam Facility FTBF.
ToF: time of flight
The time a particle takes to fly between two visible interactions observed in the detector. If combined with the distance traveled by the particle, for example a neutron, it can be used for energy reconstruction.
top FC: top field cage
The horizontal portions of the FD1-HD field cage on the top of the TPC.
IDR: interim design report
An intermediatemilestone on the path to a full TDR.
TPB: tetra-phenyl butadiene
A WLS material.
TPC: time projection chamber
Depending on context: (1) A type of particle detector that uses an E field together with a sensitive volume of gas or liquid, e.g., LAr, to perform a 3D reconstruction of a particle trajectory or interaction. The activity is recorded by digitizing the waveforms of current induced on the anode as the distribution of ionization charge passes by or is collected on the electrode. (2) TPC is also used in LBNF/DUNE-US for "total project cost".
TPC: total project cost
The DOE terminology for the total budget and contingency for the entire LBNF/DUNE-US project from CD-0 to CD-4.
TPM: trigger primitive message
A message flowing up the trigger hierarchy from local to global context. Also see TCM.
trigger record: A data record produced by the DUNE DAQ system. A Trigger Record can contain multiple interaction "events" or none.
trigger activitation: a correlation (or cluster) in time and space within a stream of trigger primitives.
trigger candidate: Summary information derived from the full data stream and representing a contribution toward forming a trigger decision.
trigger command: Information derived from one or more trigger candidates that directs elements of a far detector module to read out a portion of the data stream.
trigger decision: The process by which trigger candidates are converted into trigger commands.
trigger notification: Information provided by MTL to ETL about trigger decision processing.
trigger primitive: Information derived by the DAQ FE hardware that describes a region of space (e.g., one or several neighboring channels) and time (e.g., a contiguous set of ADC sample ticks) associated with some activity.
trigger record: a collection of data and metadata from selected detector space-time volumes corresponding to a trigger decision.
TVS: transient voltage suppression.

U

UA1: UA1 (Underground Area 1) was a particle detector at CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). It ran from 1981 until 1990, when the SPS was used as a proton-antiproton collider, searching for traces of W and Z particles in collisions. (CERN) The UA1 dipole magnet was reused in the NOMAD experiment and currently provides the magnetic field for the T2K ND280 detector.
UART: Universal Asynchrous Receiver/Transmitter
A universalasynchronous receiver-transmitter is a computer hardware device for asynchronousserial communication in which the data format and transmission speeds are configurable.
uconDB: Unstructured Conditions Database
Unstructured conditions database developed for Fermilab fixed target experiments.
UDP: user datagram protocol
A simple, connectionless Internet protocol that supports data integrity checksums, requires no handshaking, and does not guarantee packet delivery.
Ufer: concrete encased electrode
U.S. National Electrical Code grounding method refered to as Concrete Encased Electrode.
UHMWPE: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.
UHV: ultra high vacuum.
UIT: underground installation team
An organizational unit responsible for installation in the underground area at the SURF site.
UNICAMP: University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
UPD: UNIX product distribution
A tool for uploading and downloading pre-built software products between local systems and centralized software distribution servers. UPD is not frequently used on DUNE because newer tools are more convenient.
UPS: UNIX product support
A software tool that sets up a consistent environment of versions of pre-installed products and their dependencies on UNIX-like platforms.
LBNF/DUNE-US: Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment - United States; project to design and build the conventional and beamline facilities and the DOE contributions to the detectors. It is organized as a DOE/Fermilab project and incorporates contributions to the facilities from international partners. It also acts as host for the installation and integration of the DUNE detectors.
μTCA: Micro Telecommunications Computing Architecture
The computer architecture specification followed by the crates that house charge and light readout electronics; used in the FD2-VD and DP technologies.
UVM: universal verification methodology
The Universal Verification Methodology is a standardized methodology for verifying integrated circuit designs.

V

VALOR: A neutrino oscillation fitting framework that is used by T2K; the name stands for VALencia-Oxford-Rutherford, the original three institutions that developed it.
vertical drift: single-phase, vertical drift LArTPC technology.
vertical drift module: vertical drift DUNE FD module.
FD2-VD Module 0: The final pre-production ProtoDUNE instance for the DUNE FD2-VD far detector module, it will use the 800 t cryostat in NP02.
VM: virtual machine
Emulator of a physical computer that allows multiple users to configure different operating systems while sharing physical hardware.
VO: virtual organization
A database containing a list of member names, certificate distinguishing information, and a list of permissions members have to access computing grid and data resources.
VOMS: Virtual Organization Membership Service (in grid computing).
VRF: Virtual Routing and Forwarding
Networking overlays that provide a logical routing infrastructure that allows flexible traffic engineering.
VUV: vacuum ultra-violet.

W

WA105 DP demonstrator: The3m×1m×1m WA105 DP prototype detector at CERN.
WAN: Wide Area Network
Computing network that interconnects LANs across relatively broad geographic areas.
WBS: work breakdown structure
An organizational project management tool by which the tasks to be performed are partitioned in a hierarchical manner.
WCT: Wire-Cell Toolkit
A software toolkit with data flow processing components for LArTPC noise and signal simulation, noise filtering, signal processing, and tomographic 3D ionization activity imaging.
WFMS: Workflow Management System.
WG: working group
A group of persons working together to achieve specified goals.
WIB: warm interface board
Digital electronics situated just outside a FD cryostat that receives digital data from the FEMBs (part of CE) over cold copper connections and sends it to the RCE FE readout hardware.
WIEC: warm interface electronics crate
Crates mounted on the signal flanges that contain the WIBs.
WIMP: weakly-interacting massive particle
A hypothesized particle that may be a component of dark matter.
winze: A vertical excavation at SURF connecting two drifts, not connecting to the surface.
wire board: At the head end of the APA in the FD1-HD TPC, stacks of electronics boards referred to as "wire boards" are arrayed to anchor the wires. They also provide the connection between the wires and the cold electronics.
Wire-Cell: A tomographic automated 3D neutrino event reconstruction method for LArTPCs.
WLCG: Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
Worldwide LHCComputing Grid.
WLS: wavelength-shifting
A material or process by which incident photons are absorbed by a material and photons are emitted at a different, typically longer, wavelength.
WMS: warehouse management system
Commercial software package used to track shipments and interface to freight forwarders. This includes a database for shipping.
WMS monitoring: Workflow Management System Monitoring.
WR: White Rabbit
A component of the timing system that forwards clock signal and time-of-day reference data to the master timing unit.
WR grandmaster: White Rabbit grandmaster.
WR-MCH: White Rabbit μTCA Carrier Hub
A card mounted in μTCA crate that recieves time syncronization information and trigger data packets over WR network and disributes them to the AMC over μTCA backplane.
WR-TSN: White Rabbit TimeStamping Node
A unit on the WR network that timestamps the trigger signals and sends out trigger data packets to WR-MCH.

X

X-ARAPUCA: Extended ARAPUCA design with WLS coating on only the external face of the dichroic filter window(s) but with a WLS doped plate inside the cell.
XML: extensible markup language
A markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
xrootd: a high-performance data system widely used in HEP to store and to distribute data to jobs. It allows streaming of data.

Y

Z

ZS: zero-suppression
Used to delete some portion of a data stream that does not significantly deviate from zero or intrinsic noise levels. It may be applied at different granularity from per-channel to per detector unit.

#

2p2h: two particle, two hole.
2x2 ND LArTPC prototype: A set of four LArTPC modules (in a 2-by-2 configuration) used in the DUNE near detector prototype.
35 ton prototype: A prototype cryostat and SP detector built at Fermilab before the ProtoDUNE detectors.
3DST: 3D scintillator tracker
The core part of the 3D projection scintillator tracker spectrometer in the near detector conceptual design.
3DST-S: 3D scintillator tracker spectrometer
The 3D projection scintillator tracker spectrometer in the near detector conceptual design.
4850L: The depth in feet (1480 m) of the access level for the DUNE underground area at SURF; called the "4850 level".